544 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, ETC. 



wheelwright, (which could not have been common,) that the 

 purchase was made at some fair or market. Thus, in 1 295 and 

 1309, the Oxford bailiff buys a cart at Godstow fair, or market. 

 In 1333 the Basingstoke bailiff, (who was, by the way, generally 

 the chaplain of the Hospital,) purchases some cart furniture at 

 Reading. In 1360 the Oxford bailiff buys wheels at Stoken- 

 church, in 1364 at Woodstock market, and again at St. Giles 

 and Chiltern markets in 1381. 



Generally the price of the wheels is distinguished from that 

 of the fittings. Sometimes, however, the cart with the whole 

 furniture (cum toto atillo] is bought. From an entry at Gam- 

 lingay, under the year 1359, we learn what these fittings were, 

 as a rule, considered to be, though the enumeration does not 

 exhaust all the names given to the several parts of the cart- 

 wheels. The body of the cart is one item ; then the garb, by 

 which must, I think, be intended a moveable framework, to be 

 fixed at harvest-time and taken away when the cart was laden 

 with heavy materials ; a pair of iron-bound wheels ; axis ; clouts 

 (of which more hereafter); hutel, called at Alton Barnes (1389) 

 c hirtel/ by which seems to be meant the iron ring round the 

 axis; schall, a part which I cannot identify; and the c rest,' 

 which is either the moveable pole which fastens the body to 

 the shafts, or that which supports the cart when the horses are 

 taken out or standing. 



The binding of the wheels contained several parts. The 

 separate pieces of iron, forming together the fitting of the wheel, 

 are called strakes, and the great nails by which they are 

 fastened to the woodwork, and which had thick projecting 

 heads, are called strake-nails, and occasionally, it seems, cart- 

 nails, great nails, or frets. Gropes appear to be pieces of iron 

 binding together the inner joint of the fitting, and grope-nails 

 to have been used for fastening these to the wood. The price 

 at which the last-named parts of a cart-wheel are purchased 

 indicates that they were slight. 



The iron-work of the outer side of the wheel is called the 

 * ligatura,' or '.bond.' It does not seem to have always included 



