54^ AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS, ETC. 



TOO per cent, in plain wheels, wheels fitted for iron-work, 

 and bands, and far more than 200 per cent, in the price of 

 great-nails. So singular, indeed, is the rise in the last-named 

 case that I should have been disposed to believe that some 

 change had been introduced in the weight and bigness of 

 these nails, were it not the case that the rise is instantaneous 

 and permanent, a slight fall occurring only during the last 

 ten years of the second period, in accordance with the facts 

 which have been observed and commented on in other 

 instances. 



Another name for cart wheels appears in the word c briddes.' 

 This word seems peculiar to the south and south-western 

 counties. It is found at Marlborough, Southampton, Odiham 

 (Hants), Letherhead (Surrey), Apuldrum (Sussex), Alton Barnes 

 (Wilts). 



Twice we find the word c tumberel:' at Oxford in 1298, and 

 at Alton Barnes in 1386. The word, however, was by no means 

 local. The punishment of the tumberel was inflicted (51 Hen. 

 III.) upon such butchers as sold " contagious flesh, or that died 

 of murrain;" the culprit being exposed in a cart to the deri- 

 sion, and occasionally perhaps to the ill-usage, of those who had 

 suffered by his fraud. 



Tackets, mentioned in the Cambridge account of 1316, 

 seem to be cart or strake-nails. The price is high, 5*. $d. the 

 hundred, but the year was one of high rates. But I am wholly 

 at a loss to interpret the c dunlygg' of Elham (1317), and the 

 c coules' of Cambridge (1330), the price of which is inconsistent 

 with any of the parts already mentioned. 



CLOUTS. By far the largest amount of information, however, 

 on the various contributor ies to a cart is that given for cart 

 clouts and clout-nails. Clouts were thin and flat pieces of iron, 

 used it appears to strengthen the box of the wheel; perhaps 

 also for nailing on such other parts of the cart as were particu- 

 larly exposed to wear. They must have been light, for, reckoned 

 by the hundred, the average is not very different from that of 

 the hundred-weight of iron; and clout-nails must have been 





