SUNDRF ARTICLES. 643 



Tudeham in 1294 costs IQS. Such a bird had no doubt been 

 trained to sport. 



One of the commonest condiments used by our forefathers 

 was verjuice, made from the expressed juice of crabs. These 

 crabs were common enough, and every one had an opportunity 

 to manufacture verjuice himself. But it will be seen that it 

 is once bought at \d. the gallon. 



Vinegar is occasionally found. In early times it is very 

 cheap; being, in fact, nothing but spoiled wine. Later, it be- 

 comes dear; for after having been procured at a penny the 

 gallon, or even less, it is found at 6^., is. 2</., and 8d. The 

 highest of these prices must, I think, have been vinegar 

 flavoured with some condiment ; as some of the flavoured 

 vinegar in the Forme of Cury. (See Receipt 138.) The entry 

 at 8d. is a purchase for the Determination Feast. 



Among materials we find on one occasion a large sale of 

 deer-horns from Beaumaris, 984 of these articles being sold 

 (probably for knife-handles) at is. 6d. the hundred. In those 

 days Anglesey was not, as now, well-nigh denuded of wood. 

 It is said that the ancient or bardic name of Anglesey was c the 

 Wooded Island.' 



In 1301 the warden and fellows of Merton purchase four 

 deer-skins for covering church-books. Deer-skins were com- 

 monly used for this purpose. Mr. Hallam (chap. ix. part i.) 

 quotes a petition of the monks of St. Denis to Charlemagne, 

 in which they request permission to hunt, and give as a reason, 

 that the skins of the deer would be useful for binding the books 

 in their library. In this country the trade of the bookbinder 

 appears to have had an early origin. 



Mr. Hallam quotes an idle story from Warton, to the effect 

 that in 1120 no parchment could be procured on which to 

 write a copy of the Bible. But parchment was cheap enough 

 at a later date, and as sheep were kept in the twelfth as well 

 as in the fourteenth century, there can be no doubt that the 

 article was as accessible at the earlier as it was at the later 

 date. It is bought at i\d. and id. the skin in 1319 and 1324, 



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