34 INTR OD UC TOR Y. 



believed to be one who would put his country under the yoke 

 of an alien. But he was and always has been rare indeed. 

 The barons in John's time had risen against that false but 

 vigorous tyrant, but had committed the error of inviting Louis 

 of France to be their leader and prince. The English baronage 

 never made a similar mistake afterwards. No alliance of dis- 

 contented men with a foreign power, even if it were that of 

 the Scotch lowlands, with a nation of the same blood and 

 lineage as the English, ever succeeded in any adventure. The 

 Percies, who have committed more treasons against the 

 English nationality than any other historical family, tried 

 to use such an alliance in the fifteenth, and again in the six- 

 teenth century, failed, and after abject repentance were par- 

 doned. Every one knows how the English Catholics in 1588, 

 though they had, at the mandate of the Pope, submitted to 

 social proscription, rose against the invasion which Spain 

 proposed, and vied in loyalty with their Protestant fellow- 

 countrymen. Charles the First would have speedily been 

 subdued, even in the loyal districts, if he had ventured on 

 appealing to the guardians of Louis the Fourteenth for French 

 aid. The mere suspicion of having striven to get an Irish 

 army was so serious, that the king was obliged to disavow his 

 instructions to Glamorgan. His intrigue with the Scotch 

 in the autumn of 1641 suggested the formation of the Parlia- 

 mentary army, and was the real cause of the demand which 

 Parliament made for the command of the militia. So it was 

 with his son, with his grandson, with his great-grandson. The 

 memory of Mary's marriage, and of the Spanish expedition of 

 1588, influenced English politics for more than two centuries, 

 and made Spain hateful long after she had ceased to be 

 formidable. 



The moderate party, who still adhered to the older ritual 

 and doctrine, were not less satisfied with the change. It is 

 honourable to the Marian prelates that with two exceptions, the 

 bishops of Carlisle and Llandaff, they refused to acquiesce in 

 the changes which they saw impending. The rest were as a 



