94 ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN ENGLAND, 



Pannage, however, i.e. the right of feeding hogs on mast in 

 the woods, does not exist of original right, but must be granted 

 by deed. Generally the payment exacted for pannage is a 

 penny or halfpenny for each of the swine. Latterly indeed 

 a great change has taken place. In old times, the meadows 

 and pastures were open, the tenants were far better ofT, paying 

 only for arable. Now enclosures have been made, the rents of 

 tenants have been raised, as they occupy more land, and the 

 common pasture is diminished. And Fitzherbert goes on to 

 say that the lord's avarice and the tenant's uncertainty are 

 sure to be a loss to the former in the end, for men will not 

 improve unless they have reasonable prospects of being secured 

 in the value of their improvements. It is clear that the 

 addition of common rights of pasture to an arable estate was 

 a very valuable element in the holding, and no one need 

 wonder at the complaints made about enclosures, or even at 

 so energetic a remonstrance against the practice as was illus- 

 trated by Ket's rebellion in 1549, the principal provocative of 

 which was the extensive enclosures in North-east Norfolk. 



Fitzherbert describes his typical parish, the manor of Dale, 

 as containing a manor house, 'with two cross chambers of 

 stone or brick, or timber, with houses of office, two barns, an 

 ox-house, a hay-house and stable, garden and orchard. With 

 its demesne, lands, meadows, lease and pastures it is let at 

 6 i$s. 4^., payable at four or two terms as the case may be. 

 Next is the parsonage, with the parson's croft, whose glebe, 

 meadow, tithes, and other revenues amount to 20 annually. 

 Then a freeholder by charter, who has lands annexed to his 

 house, for which he pays annually ten shillings and half 

 pound of pepper, a tenant of a similar house and lands b] 

 copy of court roll, who pays i6s. a year and two hens, and i< 

 liable to heriot, a cottage with a curtilage, the rent of whicl 

 is is. &/. and a hen, a house and croft of a religious hoi 

 held in free alms, but which pays half a pound of pepper, 

 miller with house and horse mill for which six shillings 

 paid, two hens at Christmas, and two capons at Easter, ai 



