KITCHEN UTENSILS. 615 



JS. id. In 1455 the price is is. ; in 1487, 3^. ^d. ; in 1566, is. ; 

 in 1574, is. lod. and $s., while in 1575 a frying-pan and skillet 

 together are bought for 43. 



In 1520 a dripping-pan costs 3^. ^d. ; in 1549, is. ; in 1577, 

 $s. $d. ; and in 1580, 4s. These were probably of copper. In 

 1457 a grater costs 4^.; in 1566, 8<^.; in 1569, is. id.\ in 1573, 

 6d. ; in 1577, is. In 1560 a bread-grater costs 6d. In 1566 

 a kettle is bought for 6s. %d. 



The names given to various kinds of kitchen knives are 

 numerous and confusing, and the prices assigned to the several 

 descriptions are very varied. Dressing knives, of which I 

 have noted nine entries between 1428 and 1535, range in price 

 from %d. to is. 4d., but are generally about i s. $d. They are the 

 most expensive. * Kitchen knives ' in early years are from is. to 

 $d. In 1401 a great knife at Oxford costs 3^., the highest price 

 found. But a ' great ' knife is priced at $d. in 1427, at ^d. in 

 1485, at 6d. in 1506, and 4\d. in 1520. In 1553 it stands at 

 is. ^d. In 1562 a kitchen knife costs yd.-, in 1564, is. ; in 1565, 

 is. id. In 1561 a 'chopping' knife for the pantry is bought 

 for is. %d. In 1548 a chopping knife costs 4^.; in 1568, iod.-, 

 in 1569, 6\d. ; in 1574, is. ; in 1576, 8d. In 1448 and 1451 

 paring knives cost 8d. and 6d. In 1525 a 'mincing' knife is 

 bought for is. id., in 1550 for %d., and in 1565 for iod. In 

 1569 a 'shredding' knife costs is. ^d., and in 1519 a 'sticking' 

 knife iod. There are also ' lethyng ' and ' lechyng ' knives, the 

 prices of which range from ^d. to id., cooks' knives at 3^., 

 a 'fleshing' knife at 3^., besides pairs of knives, carried no 

 doubt for personal use, at from $d. to yd. 



Ladles are of very various quality, if one can form a judgment 

 from the prices. In 1412 one is entered at is., in 1417 another 

 is at i\d., but the same account gives a brass ladle at is. 6d. 

 In 1441 two are bought in Cambridge at iod., one at 8d. In 

 1500 and 1501 they are at id., but these are probably both iron 

 ladles employed in plumber's work. In 1508 a brass ladle 

 costs 8d. ; in 1511 and 1512, icd. ; in 1520, is. 4^.; in 1525, 

 ]d. In 1554 the article costs is.-, in 1556, is.-, in 1560, is. 4^.; 



