GINGER. GRAINS. SANDERS. TURNESOL. ANISE. 663 



land carriage, as we are told they are to the present time. 

 They do not often occur in my accounts, and the price varies 

 exceedingly. They are 6s. a pound in 1405, is. 6d. in 1443, 

 is. 4d. in 1482. The rest of the entries are in the sixteenth 

 century, and the article becomes cheaper. They are only Sd. a 

 pound in 1515. But in 1524 they are 3^. lod. In 1527 they 

 are is. yd.; in -1532, is.^d.\ in 1534, is.id.\ in 1535, \s.$d.\ 

 in 1536, is. ; and in 1559, is. 6d. 



SANDERS. The red wood of the Pterocarpus santalinus 

 was frequently purchased in the fifteenth century and first 

 forty-two years of the sixteenth. But after 1542 it disappears 

 from the accounts. The price of the article is very various. 

 In 1473 a l ar g e quantity is purchased at $d. the pound. In 

 1479 it costs $s. 4d.\ in 1480, 5^. ; in 1481, 3^.8^. The 

 price of sanders does not seem to have been heightened so 

 much as that of other Eastern produce was. There are in 

 all sixty-five entries between 1405 and 1542. The average 

 will be seen -to be for the sixty-four entries, from 1405 to 1537, 

 jqs. *]\d. the dozen pounds, and this may be compared with 

 the later entry at $is. But the earlier average is considerably 

 heightened by the high prices of 1471-1490, though the first of 

 these decades contains the cheapest as well as the dearest 

 entries. 



TURNESOL. This is another vegetable dye used in cookery. 

 I have found eight entries between 1426 and 1534. The 

 price in one of the years is is. ^d., generally it is from is. 8d. 

 to is. 6d. a pound. The average is is. $d. It is found once 

 in the later period, in 1569, at is. 



ANISE AND CARRAWAY SEED. I have collected fifteen 

 entries of anise seed between 1406 and 1574. The price up 

 to 1527 ranges from 6s. a dozen pounds in 1443, to Is * a dozen 

 in 1517, 18, 19. Between 1530 and 1537 there are five 

 entries, ranging from 3^. Sd. to is. lod. the dozen. In 1537 

 the price is 12^. the dozen, and in 1574, los. The average 

 of the first thirteen entries is is. 8%d., of the last two us., and 

 I think it probable that the first average represents what the 



