394 N CANDLES, TALLOW, AND FUEL. 



quantities purchased being very large. Between 1644 and 

 1701, forty-five entries of tall wood are given in the Win- 

 chester accounts. The following are the decennial averages 

 of an article which is found as high as 26s. <$\d. in 1650, and 

 as low as 13^. i\d. in 1657 : 



1644-1652 ... i8s. $d. 1573-1682 ... 2U. iod. 



1653-1662 ... iSs.jd. 1683-1692 ... 2is. 6\d. 



1663-1672 ... 22j. 4d. 1693-1701 ... 22s. M. 



There is little variation of importance indicated by these 

 figures. I conclude that the tall wood is a waste product of 

 timber felling. 



It remains that I should say something of Houghton's coal 

 entries, and of the few entries of underwood which I have 

 made. It will be seen from the evidence of prices that the 

 following coal-fields were being worked ; those of Newcastle, 

 of Durham, of Lancashire, of Derby, of the Midlands, es- 

 pecially near Leicester, perhaps that of the forest of Dean, of 

 South Wales, and Somerset. There was also the coal-field of 

 Southern Scotland, as is indicated not only by the actual 

 entry of Scotch coal among the Cambridge purchasers, but by 

 the price at Edinburgh, which Houghton gives. It does not 

 appear that the South Wales and Somersetshire coals were 

 carried round the Land's End. The price indicates that, as 

 far as Falmouth, Newcastle produce was carried by coasters 

 along the Eastern side of England, and down the Channel. 



Houghton gives low prices for Penrith and Appleby, and I 

 am informed by my friend Professor Prestwich that in all 

 likelihood the supply for these towns came from the neigh- 

 bourhood of Cockermouth, and was carried partly by sea and 

 partly by an easy land route. It is said that superficial coal 

 measures existed near both these places. With these corre- 

 sponds the price at Carlisle. But the lowest price is at Derby, 

 next those of the two towns above named, next those of 

 Brecon, Berwick, and Newcastle-on-Tyne. The Newcastle 

 prices are evidently affected by the demand from this locality 

 and the comparatively easy distribution of the produce by the 



