646 LABOUR AND WAGES. 



entry is a little over is. id. the score. The payment is a good 

 deal more than that made in the fifteenth and sixteenth 

 centuries (vol. iv. p. 497). 



The ploughman is paid at ^d. a day in 1584 at Gawthorp, 

 but he probably has his board. There are a few entries 

 of payment by the acre. In 1585, this is at is. %d. ; in 1586, 

 at is. id.\ in 1589, 1590, and 1591, is. $d. These are all 

 from Shuttleworth's accounts. In 1646 a ploughman and his 

 son are paid $s. an acre at Lavenham, and in 1699 ploughing 

 is 35. an acre at Foxcombe. The Lavenham price I am 

 convinced includes the use of horses, and I am strongly 

 disposed to think that the Foxcombe account does also. It 

 was supposed (p. 53? supra) that a ploughman could cover 

 from one to two acres in a day. In 1597 ploughing and 

 harrowing are at $s. an acre, the work being done three times 

 over; and in 1598 ploughing thrice and hoeing once cost 

 6s. %d. an acre for the whole operation. In these cases 

 Shuttleworth must have hired horses as well as man. Har- 

 rowing is put at 6d. an acre; and in 1620, is. a day at Oxford, 

 the workman being hired by Corpus Christi College. In 1589 

 a carter is paid 6d. a day, in 1691 a man in charge of a dung- 

 cart is. The former price is at Eton, the latter at Oxford, 

 where this is now the regular price of labour. 



The payments made to gardeners are various, but, as might 

 be expected from the very poor condition of horticulture in 

 England, are generally low. In 1589 and 1591 they are paid 

 6s. a week in Oxford; in 1593 ano ^ I 595> &T. and Js. gd. 

 a week in London, being hired for the wealthy trader who 

 had house and garden in Bassishaw Ward. But in 1599 and 

 1601 they get only 4^. in Oxford; in 1602, $s. ^d. In 1606, 

 also at Oxford, one gets 4^. a week, another 6s. In 1608, the 

 Archers of Theydon Gernon, who always pay high wages, 

 give 8.$-.; but in 1609, the Oxford price is 5^. ; in 1610, 4s. In 

 1612 All Souls College pays 6s. In 1614 Cranfield pays 6s. 

 to one, 8s. to another. In 1617 All Souls College pays 6s. 

 In 1618 the Archers pay a gardener and his boy at the rate 



