6; 8 SUNDRIES. 



shovels at 5</., and in 1595 and onwards steel shovels at is.^d. 

 In 1613 All Souls College gives is. for an iron shovel, which 

 however may be a fire shovel, for shovels at Cambridge are at 

 is. id. From this time the shovel rarely falls below is. t and 

 is often found at i s. 6d. From these prices I conclude that the 

 wooden frame was generally protected, though in varying 

 degree. Many of these shovels were employed for domestic 

 purposes, but some are clearly for agricultural use, and there 

 is no reason to conclude that the price of the latter differed 

 from that of the former. 



Corn was constantly stored and always carted in sacks, the 

 sack almost invariably containing four bushels. In 1583 Lord 

 North gives 3^. %d. a-piece for two new sacks, a price which 

 I do not find reached again for over ninety years. In the 

 next year he gives only is. ic*/., and it is quite possible that 

 by an error in the account the price given for each sack is 

 what was paid for the two. Most of my entries come from 

 Eton, where the price gradually rises from is. and is. 6d. to 

 35. and 35. 6d., the later prices being in the dear years of 

 1645-1650. In 1675 Winchester pays $s. loaf., in 1679 3.y. 6d., 

 but in 1689 only is. 4d. In 1699 sacks at Foxcomb in 

 Hants are at is. %\d. The average price for the whole period, 

 taking the first entry as corrected, is nearly is. 1\d. 



There are a few entries of rakes and pitchforks, the former 

 certainly wooden, at prices ranging from $d. to 6d., the latter 

 at about 7^., these being no doubt iron-tipped, or even made 

 entirely of iron. Hay-forks, also wooden, are at $d. A hoe 

 found in 1666 costs is. A * ligo ' in 1657 should be a mattock, 

 but the price (35.) seems too high. It is bought at Winchester, 

 where there is much pedantry in the accounts. In 1610 a 

 churn is bought at the cost of Js. by the Archers, and milk- 

 pans, in the early part of the period, cost from $d. to yd. In 

 1599 Lord Spencer gives $d. for twenty-six hog-rings. They 

 were probably about the same size and weight as the largest 

 lath-nails. 



Tar is constantly bought by Shuttleworth for his sheep. 



