698 SUNDRIES. 







scraping, voiding, and mincing (the last being by far the most 

 expensive), brass pots, large and small, kettles, large and small, 

 coppers, posnets arid pipkins, iron pots, saucepans, stew-pans 

 and powdering-pans, skillets and skimmers, strainers and 

 cullenders, ladles, dripping-pans, frying-pans, gridirons, baking- 

 pans, meat-baskets, flesh-axes and cleavers, forks or flesh hooks, 

 bread graters, and, later on, cabbage-nets and pudding-bags. 

 The pewter dishes, which have been already commented on 

 under the price of metals, were probably kept in the buttery. 

 But the brawn and powdering tubs, in which meat was salted, 

 stood in the kitchen or larder. 



The most expensive articles in the kitchen were the large 

 boilers of copper and brass imbedded in brick and mortar, and 

 heated from beneath. But these articles are better treated 

 under the head of brewing utensils, where they were necessary. 

 Some of those articles which are dealt with below may have 

 been for kitchen use, for the accounts do not always distin- 

 guish the object for which the purchase was made. 



Jacks are found throughout the whole period. The ap- 

 paratus I presume includes the boards which were turned by 

 the upward current, the wheels and the chains. I have found 

 them six times, the price being fairly uniform. The average 

 is 30.$-. <)ld. A single jack-chain in 1600, when by the way the 

 most expensive jack was bought for the President of Corpus 

 Christi College, is 2s. zd. Sometimes the motion of the jack 

 was given by a weight and a series of toothed wheels. 



A flesh-axe in 1588 is 2s. 6d. Kitchen cleavers are found 

 six times, at prices from is. 4d to 6s. The first four entries 

 are low-priced, but the last two are high. 



Ordinary kitchen knives are, early and late, about ^d. each. 

 Occasionally, as in 1591, a far higher price is given, but in this 

 case the entry has omitted to state that it was for a special 

 purpose. Such, no doubt, is the kitchin knife alluded to, 

 which costs is. 



The most expensive of the cook's knives is the mincing 

 knife. It is ^s.^d. in 1591 and 1603, 4*. and 3^. in 1617, 43. in 



