Vlll CONTENTS. 



of the critical spirit, 50 ; Hegel and Spencer, 51 ; Intermediate position 

 of philosophy between science and religion, 52 ; Monistic doctrines, 52 ; 

 Attempts at reconciliation of knowledge and belief, 54 ; Dualism in 

 philosophic systems, 55 ; Plan of this history, 56 ; Character and aims 

 of philosophical thought, 59 ; No consensus as to philosophical methods, 

 60 ; Philosophy is interested, science disinterested, 62 ; Philosophers as 

 educators and reformers, 64 ; Problems of science are many, problem of 

 philosophy is one, 65 ; Renunciation in recent philosophy, 66 ; Reversion 

 to common-sense, 68 ; "Scientific Philosophy," 69 ; Direction of Herbart 

 and Lotze, 71 ; E. Zeller, 71 ; Wilhelm Wundt, 72 ; Influence of Schop- 

 enhauer, 74 ; Materialism of the " Forties," 76 ; Schopenhauer's pessimism 

 an accident, 77 ; Realism of Nietzsche, 78 ; Comte's sociology, 80 ; 

 Temporary decline of philosophic interest, 81 ; Hints of its revival, 82 ; 

 "Voluntarism," 83 ; Relation of recent philosophy to religion, 87. 



CHAPTER II. 

 ON THE GROWTH AND DIFFUSION OF THE CRITICAL SPIRIT. 



Reversal of the position of science and philosophy, 91 ; Causes of the change, 

 93 ; Anarchy of recent philosophy, 93 ; Critical spirit, 95 ; Narrower 

 and wider sense of criticism, 96 ; Germany the home of criticism in the 

 wider sense, 98 ; Attempts to apply exact methods to philosophy, 100 ; 

 Reason of their failure, 101 ; Contrast between unities to which phe- 

 nomena of nature and inner life are referred, 103 ; Loss of synoptic view 

 in recent philosophy, 104 ; Sapping effect of critical spirit, 105 ; How 

 has science escaped ? 106 ; The escape has not been complete, 106 ; 

 Reasons why science has not succumbed, 107 ; Peculiar strength in their 

 practical utility, 109 ; Besides, man cannot judge nature, 109 ; Criticism 

 a reflection of the mind on itself, 110 ; Three critical periods, 110 ; From 

 the last we have not yet emerged, 111 ; Its methodical character, 112 ; 

 Obstructions to it, 113 ; Winckelmann's reform of art by criticism, 114 ; 

 Ideal of humanity : its phases, 115 ; Less ing's revival of Spinoza, 118 ; 

 Kant and Spinoza the poles of German thought, 119 ; Spinoza and 

 German idealism, 121 ; Spinoza, Leasing, Kant, and the Higher Criti- 

 cism, 123 ; Representative higher critics, 127 ; Gottingen and the critical 

 spirit, 127 ; Criticism an instrument of education, 130 ; Difference of 

 philosophical and historical criticism, 131 ; Two modes of treatment in 

 classical philology, 134 ; Criticism as practised by Hermann and Ritechl, 

 137; Encyclopaedic aims of F. A. Wolf, 138; Sprach-philologen and 

 Sach-philologen, 139; Ritschl and Laebig compared, 145; Extension of 

 methods from classical to other branches of philology, 146 ; Bopp and 



