OP THE SOUL. 243 



In adopting this course the beginning was made of a 

 development that later on became characteristic of the 

 whole school which historically started from Kant's 

 position and ended in Hegel and Schopenhauer. Phil- 

 osophy in England and France had become purely 

 psychological, or, if it did not confine itself to the inner 

 world which lies open to everyone in his own conscious- 

 ness, it extended its field in the direction of taking in 

 bodily phenomena, i.e., the physical outside of the inner 

 world, or of dealing with the collective existence of man 

 in the life of mankind and society. The natural 

 development of English, Scottish, and French philosophy 

 lay therefore in the direction of biology, anthropology, 

 and sociology. The development on the other side, which 

 was initiated by Kant, was not psychological, but on the 



velopment 



contrary logical, or, to use a more modern phrase, m Germany, 

 epistemological. If it was not professedly so in Kant's 

 own deliverances, it tended to become so in the systems 

 of his followers. There is no doubt also that a tendency 

 in this direction lay already in the enterprise of Locke, 

 who in his celebrated Essay dealt mainly with the human 

 understanding, i.e., with the intellectual side : the problem 

 of thought and knowledge. In this respect he followed, 

 probably unconsciously, in the line of Descartes, who 

 placed the thinking process in the beginning of his 

 philosophy as the main characteristic of human person- 



stract sense. This higher psycho- 

 logy was contained in Hegel's first 

 and most original work, the ' Phen- 

 omenology of Mind.' This coin- 

 cided neither with the empirical nor 

 with the rational psychology of the 

 Wolffian school, and left far behind 

 and below it the painstaking mental 



analysis of the human mind, as it 

 was developed in this country, and 

 later on by Herbart and others in 

 Germany. In this psychology of 

 the Hegelian school the conception 

 and term of the Soul or individual 

 Mind was gradually displaced in 

 favour of the term Mind or Spirit. 



