406 PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 



pletely as possible, we do not thereby satisfy the desire 

 of having things explained i.e., of seeing their hidden 

 sense and deeper meaning. And lastly, if we reduce 

 the meaning of the word development, or evolution, to 

 mechanical processes of differentiation and integration, 

 we do not thereby satisfy the abiding conviction that 

 through these mechanical processes and their ever-recur- 

 ring repetition something is developed or evolved, that 

 the more advanced stage is richer in this something, 

 containing more of that which is of value and interest to 

 us human beings. 



We may further describe the most recent phase into 

 which the problem of knowledge has entered by saying 

 that we are confronted by a twofold meaning of the 



62. word. Everywhere we meet with a twofold aspect, a 



Dualism in 



the problem dualism in the nature and aims of knowledge. This 



of know- 

 ledge, dualism has been impressed upon the modern philo- 

 sophical mind in many ways, and has found expression 

 in various systems of philosophy and through many 

 thinkers. I will at present refer only to four distinct 

 lines of thought which are conspicuous amongst others. 



63. The first distinct recognition of the twofold aspect of 



Recognised 



byLotze. the philosophical problem, and also of the problem of 

 knowledge, will be found in the writings of Hermann 

 Lotze. He continued in Germany about the middle of 

 the century the traditions of the idealistic systems as 

 well as those of the Leibnizian philosophy. Although 

 he did not elaborate a special theory of knowledge and 

 stood somewhat isolated, belonging neither to the school 

 of Herbart nor to that of the Neo-Kantians nor to the 

 historical school, he revived a conception of knowledge 



