212 PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 



things. It is true that in the sequel this turned 

 out to be more a study of genealogies than of origins, 

 of historical development than of beginnings. The 

 second important feature was that phenomena were 

 studied not in their isolation but in their 'Together,' 

 great stress being laid upon environment. These two 

 aspects through which as I have shown in an earlier 

 part of this work Darwinism revolutionised the 

 natural, and especially the biological sciences, were 

 now pushed into the foreground in philosophical studies 

 likewise ; they had already characterised, though in a 

 less defined manner, German philosophical thought, the 

 historical view mainly under the influence of Hegel's 

 philosophy, the notion of environment ever since Herder 

 published his ' Ideas towards a History of Mankind.' 

 Lotze had taken up this study in the most popular of 

 his works, the ' Microcosmus,' significantly adding to the 

 word History in the title of Herder's book, the word 

 ' Natural ' history. A third feature of Darwinism had 

 a still more direct bearing upon ethical questions. 

 Not only were human ideas conceived as having a 

 history and development in time, further as being 

 largely influenced by environment, but man was brought 

 into a closer relation with the rest of animated nature. 

 This was the third important point of view urged by 

 the Darwinians. 

 52. A considerable literature, all tending in the direction 



Anthrop. 



oiogy. of Anthropology as complementary or opposed to 

 Psychology, sprang up in the middle of the century 

 in association with the names of I. H. Fichte, Waitz, 

 Lazarus and Steinthal, Wundt, &c. About the same 



