THE RATIONALE OP PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 747 



All these terms, if they were not invented, at least 

 became current during this period. But they convey 

 only a superficial idea of the underlying motives which 

 directed the thought of the period. The most charac- 

 teristic feature is probably to be found in a general dis- 

 ruption of thought, in the rise everywhere of antagonistic 

 schools with sharply marked contrasts leading to violent 

 controversies. The thought of this period is accordingly 

 dualistic ; the older faith in the existence of some 

 supreme governing principle in the world of Thought 

 or Eeality is gradually disappearing, or is supported 

 only by an undue emphasis laid upon one side of truth, 

 with a complete disregard for the other. And the 

 systems of philosophy which became current during 

 that period may likewise be characterised as dualistic 

 in opposition to the monism of Hegel. Thus we have 

 in Schopenhauer's philosophy the two unreconciled 

 principles of Will and Intellect; in Comte those of 

 Egoism and Altruism ; and in Spencer those of the 

 Knowable and the Unknowable. But behind and below 

 these more prominent popular and aggressive systems 

 we have the deeper-going currents of thought which 

 are slowly preparing a new era. The writings of the 

 thinkers who performed this silent and unobtrusive 

 work are popularly less known, but it is to them 

 that students of history must revert in order to under- 

 stand the present endeavour towards a more reassuring 

 and hopeful position. This underlying current of pre- 

 paratory work is represented in Germany mainly by 

 Lotze and some of the Neo-Kantians; in France by 

 Eenouvier; in this country by T. H. Green and Henry 



