760 PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 



an inner experience : " Power " and " Force " have a sense 

 only through experiences of conscious mental effort ; and 

 " Substance " is merely an objective term for what we, in 

 our conscious subjective life, are aware of as the " con-, 

 tinuum of presentations," Kant's unity of apperception, 

 or the " Together " of sensations and ideas. 



In the latter sense Lotze made use of the conception 

 of a Universal Substance as the underlying spiritual 

 bond which maintains order and intercourse between 

 the mechanically separated elements of the physical 

 world. 



To express it quite generally, the logical consequence 

 of the growing conviction that in the outer mechanical 

 or physical world nothing could be found which corre- 

 sponded to such terms as " Force," " Substance," or " Life," 

 was to give to philosophic thought a movement towards 

 the region of our inward experience. This movement 

 was, to begin with, logical, but necessarily became ulti- 

 mately psychological. And this is exactly the turn 

 which marks two of the most prominent schools of 

 philosophy at the present day. 

 at Another school of thought, moving to some extent on 



F ?.:.-..-r 



similar lines, originated in France, and, following Comte, 

 termed itself Positivism. This worked in the same 

 direction, though to a large extent unconsciously, for 

 neither psychology nor ethics nor the theory of Know- 

 ledge was, to begin with, contained in its programme. 

 It strengthened, however, if it did not actually intro- 

 duce, a new interest in philosophical literature, an 

 interest which, for various reasons, dominates philosophi- 

 cal thought at the present day. This is the sociological 



