THE WHEAT CULTUKIST. 



25 



Previous to the invention of the thrashing-machines, 

 when the wheat was thrashed with flails, or trod out 

 with horses, white caps were a serious annoyance, when 



FIG. 2. Different parts of a wheat bead. 



grain was being prepared for market. But thrashing- 

 machines remove the inner chaff, or the white caps. At 



2 



