222 THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 



administrative, as well as movements of the 

 popular spirit, continued to reveal the working 

 of the latent hostility. The happy relations 

 built up by Lord Elgin between the United States 

 and Canada suffered hopeless damage. Even 

 the ancient and indurated Rush-Bagot arrange 

 ment came into imminent peril of extinction. 

 During 1864 Confederates from Canada cap 

 tured steamers on Lake Erie and also made a 

 raid on a town in Vermont. After these affairs 

 Secretary Seward gave notice that the Rush- 

 Bagot arrangement would be disregarded after 

 six months. In March of 1865, however, he 

 withdrew this notice of abrogation, and an 

 nounced that the United States would continue 

 to observe the terms of the arrangement. 



The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 in respect to 

 Canadian trade met with a less kindly fate. 

 Complaints of unfairness in the working of the 

 treaty became common in the United States 

 only a few years after it went into operation. 

 These gained in force and volume as the be 

 ginnings of tariff protection to manufacturers 

 appeared in Canada. The revival of protec 

 tionism in the United States in connection with 

 the war strengthened the foes of the treaty, but 

 the impulse that was decisive of its fate was 



