298 THE GROWTH OF CANADA 



and the result was a renunciation of the Mc- 

 Kinley programme, with the modified tariff of 

 1894. This in turn was repudiated by the 

 voters, and in 1897 the Dingley Act brought the 

 definitive adoption of protection in its most 

 thoroughgoing form. 



The shifting phases of the prolonged and 

 complex struggle in the United States produced 

 the results that are inevitable when the con 

 flicts over trade and markets that used to con 

 vulse the politics of monarchies are reproduced 

 in democratic states. Among the masses there 

 was but a dim perception of the real financial 

 and industrial interests that were at stake in 

 the discussions over the tariff rates. What 

 appeared clear to all, however, was that for 

 eigners, especially the British, were in some way 

 seeking to get advantages over American com 

 petitors. The merits of the case not being 

 intelligible, the average citizen could be moved 

 in his judgments only by the sense of an insid 

 ious and pernicious activity by foreigners di 

 rected against his countrymen. 



Such was the contribution made by the 

 tariff controversies to the latent feeling of hos 

 tility in the United States toward all things 

 British as it existed in the later eighties and 



