x List of Illustrations 



FIG. PAGE 



57. Thermos flask , . . . . '' . - .-, .- .- . . 186 



58. Convection currents in a liquid 1 . . . 187 



59. Convection currents in a gas . . . .189 



60. Effect of nature of surface on heat absorption . ,195 



61. Candle burning with limited air-supply . . 207 



62. Candle burning with increased air-supply . 207 



63. Burning candle in closed vessel . . . 209 



64. Deflagrating-spoon . , . _ . . 210 



65. Burning phosphorus in closed vessel . . 211 



66. Holder for stick phosphorus . . . V. 213 

 6 7 . Composition of air by slow oxidation of phosphorus 214 



68. Composition of air by rusting of iron . ; 215 



69. Preparation of phosphorus pentoxide . . 216 



70. .Heating copper in exhausted vessel . . 219 



71. Composition of air by passage over heated copper 220 



72. Increase of weight due to combustion . .. 228 



73. Illustration of Principle of Indestructibility of 



Matter, .- .. . ~.... .... 230 



74. Aspiration of air through lime-water . . 232 



75. Curve showing hygrometric state of atmosphere 236 



76. Wet and dry bulb hygrometer . . . 237 



77. Chemical hygrometer , 240 



78. Oxygen a waste product of plant life . . 243 



79. Determination of volume of gases dissolved in 



water . . . . " . . ; 245 



80. Lavoisier's experiment on the composition of air 251 



81. Laboratory preparation of oxygen . .. . 254 



82. Burning coal-gas in oxygen . . . . 256 



83. Burning steel in oxygen. . . . .. 259 



84. Evaporation to dryness in glass vessel . . 265 



85. Distillation of tap-water . . . . . 267 



86. Distillation of brine with Liebig condenser . 268 



87. Still with worm-condenser . . . 270 



