RELATING TO SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS. 73 



traits as the mammae, etc. In the case of the pelvis the female departs 

 from the juvenile type of both sexes, and here one might look for 

 a better criterion. It is stated that the pelvis of the ox is more like 

 that of the female than it is like that of the male, and it has been said 

 that this is true for the castrated rat and guinea-pig, but whether a 

 simple enlargement of the juvenile pelvis would make it resemble the 

 female type more than that of the male has not, so far as I know, been 

 carefully examined. Should it prove here that this is the case, the 

 evidence on this point would be no stronger than that for other charac- 

 ter differences. As has been stated, Tandler and Grosz think that the 

 changes in the skeleton of the ox, as well as those in the castrated cow 

 (skull, pelvis, and limb bones), are due directly to loss of the gonads 

 and are much the same in both. But their resemblance may possibly 

 be due more to an enlarged juvenile condition rather than that either 

 of them changes toward the normal skeleton of the other sex. 



The statements that have been published concerning the effects of 

 removal of the ovaries in woman are, on the whole, unsatisfactory and 

 often contradictory. That the uterus and oviducts become smaller is 

 expected from what is known to occur in other mammals, and is 

 definitely recorded in the human female. That the breasts become 

 smaller is stated to be the case, but whether because of an actual 

 decrease in the glandular portion has not, so far as I know, been 

 shown. That hair is likely to develop on the upper lip of woman 

 without ovaries is also claimed as likely to occur, and this, too, is 

 sometimes seen in old women, but if it is interpreted to mean an 

 approach to the bearded condition of man it should be admitted that 

 the development is hardly sufficient to invite such a comparison. 

 Finally, it has been stated that the voice becomes deeper, more, there- 

 fore, like the male, but this has also been denied. If it could be 

 established that the voice changes and that it was brought about by 

 an enlargement of the larynx, similar to that which takes place when 

 the larynx of the boy changes to that of the man, it might seem not 

 improbable that the change was toward that of the opposite sex. 

 This would mean that the ovary produces some substance that pre- 

 vents the enlargement of the larynx in the female. But since it has 

 been shown that the enlargement in the male is caused by the develop- 

 ment of the testes, and that this enlargement is prevented by castration, 

 a paradoxical situation would present itself, viz, that the testes cause 

 the larynx to enlarge in the male and the ovary prevents the enlarge- 

 ment in the female. Until convincing evidence is forthcoming, the 

 question is better left undecided. 



B. EVIDENCE FROM BIBDS. 



Probably a greater difference in the secondary sexual characters is 

 shown in birds than in any other group. It is true that there are 



