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In supply forests the cheapest method which secures desirable propor- 

 tionate results in the crop is to be chosen. This must vary according to lo- 

 cal conditions, such as climate, soil, species, cost of planting and of log- 

 ging- 



The clearing process followed by artificial replacement entails a money 

 outlay for the latter from year to year ; the gradual removal methods with 

 natural seeding avoid, to be sure, this outlay, but since, to secure the same 

 amount of harvest, a larger territory must be cut over, they entail large in- 

 itial investment for means of transportation, which must be maintained for 

 all the years of removal and they occasion also otherwise greater expenses 

 in the harvest than the concentrated logging in the clearing system, which 

 may be done over temporary roads. 



Over 80 per cent, of the forests of Germany are managed under a 

 clearing system and rapid removal systems, and only 20 per cent, under 

 slow removal and other systems. 



Where, as in our culled forests, the valuable species have been removed 

 and the weed trees have been left in possession, it stands to reason that no 

 regeneration method will re-establish the better species ; they must be res- 

 tored by artificial means. 



These slo-.v removal methods consist in opening small spaces or nar- 

 row strips so as to prepare the soil and let in sufficient light to cause the 

 germination of the seeds which fall from the trees left standing. 



Trees seed only in periods, for example, the white pine seeds only 

 every three or five years, and we must know when the seed year is going to 

 occur. Some species have seeds every year, and if they are not desirable 

 we must cut so as to get rid of them. 



In our virgin woods the seedbed often is undesirable. The litter must 

 be decomposed to furnish a good seed bed so that the tiny fibrous roots of 

 the seed may reach mineral soil. Some species require more light than 

 others in youth, and hence the parent trees must be removed more or less 

 rapidly. 



One of the simplest methods of regeneration is the strip method. This 

 consists in cutting a strip of trees from the land in such a way that the wind 

 will blow the seeds from the trees standing on to the cut part. Another 

 strip is cut the next year, and so following. Another of the crude methods 

 is an improvement on the lumberman's method of cutting old trees here and 

 there and thus giving light to the young volunteer aftergrowth ; the so- 

 called "selection" method. The lumberman culls, to be sure, only the trees 

 he can use, but tre forester works from the standpoint of the young crop, 

 i.e., he cuts with a view to the best interest of the young crop. The best 

 method, where practicable, consists in the gradual but more rapid removal 

 of the whole crop so that the young crop will have a clear new field to 

 start on. 



