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foresters, who are forced to secure even greater economy, since the mar- 

 gins from their business are for a time at least necessarily smaller, in 

 such roads cuts and fills must be avoided as much as possible, while heavv 

 grades, numerous and sharp curves are necessarily to be extensively used 

 and it takes a careful weighing of saving in cost of first construction 

 against losses in maintenance and efficiency, such as no engineer is called 

 upon to make in constructing standard roads. It stands to reason that to 

 secure the least expensive logging roads, the main effort must be made in 

 the location of the road, for this influences not only the cost of constructing 

 but of operating it. No rules but engineering gumption must determine 

 Where wood is cheap and right at hand, it is often indicated to use imper- 

 fect and unmarketable logs instead of earthwork, or matting of brushwood 

 and cribbing for crossing swamps, and similar devices which do not com- 

 mend themselves for main lines. 



in Europe portable tramways and wire rope ways are much employed 

 the longest, five miles, being in the Alps. Portable railways are some- 

 times employed in connection with more permanent roads, 2 rails attached 

 to steel ties ; each yoke, 10-15 feet long, with 10-24 Ib. rail, weighing 75- 

 100 pounds, hook into each other. The newest type has been invented bv 

 a forester, and is laid without rails. The log-slide, with or without water, 

 is a device well-known in mountainous or broken regions where water is 

 available. One such in the Sierra Nevada is an incline 4,000 feet long and 

 with a 1,400 feet elevation. It delivers 10,000 cords a day. 



Altogether landing places and terminals must be located with circum- 

 spection, to take care of the bulky material and secure the cheapest handling 



