i88i] ANIMAL WORSHIP AND ANIMAL TRIBES 475 



branch of the Qodaa, we at once connect the name with 

 Namir, a sub-tribe of the Qoda a. Is it not far more prob 

 able that the same thing applies to the panther localities 

 east of the Jordan, and that these two have their name 

 from the panther stock which, as we have seen, turns up 

 in so many forms in Arabia ? Perhaps we can even 

 identify the totem deity of the name ; for Jacob of 

 Sarug in the text published by Martin, Z.D.M.G. xxix. p. 

 no, 1. 52, speaks of )f &amp;lt;**f ^ &quot; the son of panthers &quot; as a 

 false deity of Harran. 



To sum up all these scattered observations, we may say 

 that the Arabian analogies are not merely general, but 

 amount to the fact that the same names which appear as 

 totem tribes in Arabia reach through Edom, Midian, and 

 Moab into the land of Canaan. In Canaan they appear 

 with a local distribution which at once becomes an 

 intelligible unity if we can assume that at an early date 

 the totem system prevailed there also. But to make this 

 account of the names conform to the character of a 

 legitimate hypothesis we must have reason to believe that 

 Canaan, like Arabia, once acknowledged the system of 

 kinship which alone can produce the necessary distribution 

 of a totem name. Here we must distinguish between the 

 people of Israel and the earlier inhabitants. Many of the 

 animal names are no doubt of Canaanite origin, as we saw 

 from Judges i. 35. Now we have the express statement 

 of Lev. xviii. that the Egyptians and Canaanites did form 

 such marriages as by the Hebrew law are incestuous. 1 

 In Egypt this was certainly connected with the totem 

 system. It can hardly have been otherwise in Canaan, 

 for variations from the Hebrew law could not well follow 

 any other principle than that of female kinship. For this 

 we have express evidence in the case of the Phoenicians, 

 among whom, according to Ach. Tatius cited by Selden, 

 De Jure Nat. et Gent. v. n, marriage with a sister not 



1 The expression nny nW means to contract a marriage, as appears 

 froni the usage witnessed to by the Arabic proverb in Freyt. i. 234. 



