WITH NOTES. 473 



after 1641, when his own active services promised soon 

 to be required in the field. His improved firearms are 

 chiefly recommended for effecting rapid firing. It may 

 have been one of the results of his experiments, that 

 Caspar Kaltoff became engaged at Vauxhall in such 

 manufactures for the government. 



The Marquis would obtain little assistance from 

 Vegetius, although he would find some extraordinary 

 applications of u Mirabilis Machina.&quot; We see there 

 the &quot; Tormentuin,&quot; with its great stone ball, and fire 

 issuing from muzzle and touch-hole, manipulated after 

 an extraordinary fashion, bristling down the sides of 

 an angular frame ; whirled round on a circular table 

 like a capstan ; eight placed crosswise ; or two placed 

 breech to breech, one horizontal, the other vertical, to 

 be fired from behind a goodly target. But the Marquis 

 went far beyond these ancient military weapons, for 

 gunpowder was then beginning to be understood and 

 applied with a degree of effect that startled and sur 

 prised the enemy, while it only disgusted the humane 

 portion of our forefathers of that day, who, in case of 

 dire necessity alone, favoured the use of balista, cata- 

 pulta, bows, and pikes, in the conduct of military and 

 naval engagements. 



Musketoons were the same r as the blunderbuss, being 

 of large bore to fire with a charge of twenty or more 

 pistol bullets, of from seven to seven and a half ounces 

 of lead, among a multitude, to disperse the crowd. 



The arms offensive and defensive of the old militia, 

 described by Grose, in his &quot; Military Antiquities,&quot; 1801, 

 as applying to a trooper, with the furniture for his 

 horse, were as follows : &quot; The defensive armour, a 

 breast, back, and pot (or scull cap without vizor or 

 bever), pistol proof; the offensive arms, a sword, and a 

 case of pistols, the barrels not under 14 inches in length ; 

 the furniture for the horse, a great saddle, or pad, with 



