THE -HISTORY OF LIFE 173 



each cell having its nucleus and nucleolus every cell 

 a living creature, all built up of atoms. 1 



The various or distinct types of animals and 

 vegetables are called by the classifiers of nature, 

 species. 2 There is no hard and fast line in the classifica- 



only later were there flowering plants with a corolla (Dichlamyds) . 

 Finally, again, among these the lower polypetalous plants preceded 

 the higher gamopetalous plants. The whole series thus constitutes 

 an irrefutable proof of the great law of progressive development. 

 ... We can trace the same thing in the history of the human 

 race. Here, too, it is natural and necessary that the progressive 

 division of labour constantly furthers mankind, and urges every 

 individual branch of human activity into new discoveries and improve- 

 ments. This progress itself universally depends on differentiation, 

 and is consequently, like it, a direct result of natural selection in the 

 struggle for life. 



" If man wishes to understand his position in nature, and to 

 comprehend as natural facts his relations to the phenomena of the 

 world cognizable by him, it is absolutely necessary that he should 

 compare human with extra-human phenomena, and, above all, with 

 animal phenomena." (" The History of Creation," Professor Ernst 

 Haeckel^ 1892, vol. i. pp. 316-319.) 



1 A mind educated in pure reason cannot help arriving at the 

 issue we have presented when reasoning from atomic and molecular 

 potentialities, thus : " These are the sort of difficulties which have 

 led the scientific world, I may say universally, to abandon the idea of 

 separate special creations, and to substitute for it that which has 

 been proved to be true of the whole inorganic world of stars, suns, 

 planets, and all forms of matter ; the idea of an original creation 

 (whatever creation may mean and behind which we cannot go) of 

 ultimate atoms or germs, so perfect that they carried within them all 

 the phenomena of the universe by a necessary process of evolution. "- 

 ('' Modern Science and Modern Thought," S. Laing, 1896, p. 96.) 



2 " There are probably something like a quarter of a million 

 different kinds of living and extinct animals and plants, and a human 

 life could not suffice for the examination of one fiftieth part of all of 

 these." (" On the Study of Biology," see American Addresses, 

 Thos. H. Huxley, 1877, p. 153.) 



