SOCIAL EVOLUTION 263 



men are mostly ignorant of the natural laws relating to 

 life. And here comes in the future grand role of the 

 intelligent artisan. Instead of the workers of each 

 nation trying to oust each other from the means of 

 existence, let them know each other more intimately ; 

 the individual struggle for existence will then be felt, 

 and the necessity for the more equal distribution of 

 labour by which they live will be grasped. This can 

 be only done by men more intimately fraternizing. 

 If the money which is spent year by year, if the labour, 

 the sweat of the body, and the anxiety of the mind 

 which is yearly spent to produce instruments of 

 human destruction, and which when used always add 

 slavery to the new-born, if this labour were utilized for 

 the object of international goodwill, with the object of 

 knowing each other, war would soon become impossible. 

 Therefore the functions of progressive civilization are 

 clear and well-marked. 1 And indeed in spite of the 



1 " Biology deals only with living beings as isolated things treats 

 only of the life of the individual : but there is a higher division of 

 science still, which considers living beings as aggregates which 

 deals with the relation of living beings one to another the science 

 which observes men whose experiments are made by nations one 

 upon another, in battle-fields whose general propositions are em- 

 bodied in history, morality, and religion whose deductions lead to 

 our happiness or our misery, and whose verifications so often come 

 too late, and serve only 



' To point a moral, or adorn a tale ' 



I mean the science of Society or Sociology. 



" I think it is one of the grandest features of Biology, that it 

 occupies this central position in human knowledge. There is no 

 side of the human mind which physiological study leaves uncul- 

 tivated. Connected by innumerable ties with abstract science, 

 Physiology is yet in the most intimate relation with humanity ; and 



