176 MODERN IDEAS OF EVOLUTION 



idea of unity has not germinated, or from whose 

 traditions it has been lost, a spiritual essence appears 

 to underlie all natural phenomena, though they may 

 regard this as consisting of a separate spirit or 

 Manitou for every material thing. In all the more 

 cultivated races the ideas of natural religion have 

 taken more definite forms in their theology and 

 philosophy. Dugald Stewart has well expressed the 

 more scientific form of this idea in two short state 

 ments : 



i. Every effect implies a cause. 



2. Every combination of means to an end implies 

 intelligence. 



Unless, then, we are prepared to refer the universe 

 and all its laws and arrangements to mere chance or 

 to absolute necessity, efther of which views would be 

 not only irrational, but would involve actual mental 

 confusion, we have no escape from the doctrine of 

 design and the Pauline conclusion that power and 

 divinity are manifested in nature. 



It may be profitable to illustrate this great truth 

 under a few definite propositions, and with reference 

 as we proceed to the bearing of these on the various 

 current hypotheses of evolution, but more especially 

 on the evidence of what may be termed Mind in 

 Nature as an evidence of the power and divinity of 

 its Author. 



I. It may be maintained that Nature is an exhi 

 bition of regulated and determined power. The first 



