THE ESKIMO AS A HUNTER 49 



prongs of harpoons, and arrowheads, all depend for 

 their manufacture on supplies of ivory and bone, in 

 the working of which the Eskimo is most ingenious. 

 Strange to say, the caves of very ancient Europe, 

 when excavated, have sometimes yielded speci 

 mens of engraved ivory very closely resembling 

 the products of the Eskimo. From the caves La 

 Madeleine and Bruniquel are derived some excellent 

 specimens of engraving on bone, an art which 

 flourished in some parts of Southern Europe towards 

 the end of the old Stone Age. The question of the 

 origin and migrations of the Eskimo, together with 

 speculations concerning their connection with the 

 bone workers of ancient Europe, are very interesting, 

 but perhaps too long and difficult for a small reading- 

 book. 



In addition to the kayak already described, 

 women use a large open boat shaped like a trough 

 and capable of holding about twenty people. With 

 this &quot; umiak &quot; single-bladed paddles are employed, 

 and a low lug-sail made of strips of walrus-intestine 

 is sometimes hoisted. For steering, a paddle is 

 used, and a rudder is to be found only when the 

 Eskimo have copied the steering device from 

 European whalers. 



The best sledges are made by the tribes of Hudson 

 and Davis Straits, for in these regions the most 

 substantial pieces of driftwood are to be found. 

 The dog team is strong, intelligent, and willing to 

 work ; so ready to start that the Eskimo driver 

 may be in danger of being left behind. Careful 

 training of the animals is necessary, and sometimes 

 there is a great deal of harshness before they are 



