TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. 177 



their former possession, and, in July 1667, it was formally ceded 

 to England in exchange for their colony of SURINAM. 



Colonel Nichols resigned soon after, and was succeeded 

 by Colonel Lovelace, who successfully administered the 

 country during six years. 



The second war with Holland in 1672, together with the 

 news of the Duke of York s piofession of the Catholic faith, 

 produced a discontent in the colony, which led a large number 

 to abandon the city and settle in Carolina. 



A small fleet sent out from Holland approached New 

 York at a time when the Governor was absent, the city was 

 under the command of Colonel Manning, who surrendered the 

 place to the Dutch without firing a single gun. The Dutch 

 inhabitants were elated with triumph, and the English had no 

 cause of resentment, but in the conduct of their pusillanimous 

 commander. The Dutch were not long in regaining their 

 former supremacy, but the triumph of the one, and the 

 mortification of the other did not endure long. Early in the 

 spring of 1674 the controversy was terminated by the treaty 

 of Westminster, by which New York was restored to the 

 English. From that time to the igth of April, 1775, the day 

 of the battle of Lexington, the English retained possession of 

 the country, which developed immensely under their rule. 



From the igth of April, 1775, to igth of April, 1783, 

 exactly eight years since the shedding of the first blood in the 

 revolution at Lexington, the war of Independence continued 

 with more or less fury during that time, and ended by the 

 treaty of peace, signed at Paris on the the 3rd of September, 

 1783, by David Hartley on the part of GEORGE III., and by 

 John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay, on the 

 part of the UNITED STATES. 



By the first article of this treaty his Britannic Majesty 

 acknowledges the United States to be free, sovereign, and 

 independent states, that he treats w r ith them as such, and 

 relinquishes for himself and heirs all claims to the government, 

 propriety and territorial rights of the same. The second 

 article defines the boundaries of the states, and the third 

 secures them the right of fishing on the Grand Bank, and 

 other banks of Newfoundland, and other places in the 

 possession of the British, formerly used by the Americans 

 for fishing-grounds. The fourth article secures the payment 

 to creditors the debts heretofore contracted ; whilst the fifth 

 recommends to Congress the restitution of estates formerly 

 belonging to British subjects which had been confiscated. 



