THE SPLENIC FEVER. 95 



somewhat smaller, and darker in color. Its center is dark, and sometimes softened or 

 perforated. The areola around this center is well defined and regular, offering a marked 

 contrast to the surrounding membrane, which, though usually congested and reddened, is 

 not of the same depth of color as the petechial spot. In other cases the reddened folds 

 are studded with minute yellowish-gray granulations, due to a change in the epithelium, 

 which becomes swollen, and has a tendency to drop off. Each granulation does not usually 

 exceed the size of a pin s head. This appearance is most marked where the folds are 

 most congested ; and in some cases, where the congestion is slight, it requires a somewhat 

 careful inspection to recognize the presence of this change. Scattered throughout the folds, 

 especially near their free edges, we find the third change, which consists of marked ero 

 sions, as if the epithelium had been peeled off with a sharp finger-nail. 



The margins of the erosion are well defined, and of the color of the surrounding mem 

 brane, or they are often paler. The center of each erosion is of a blood-red or brownish 

 color. 



It is very rare to find the pyloric end, however natural its general aspect, without 

 some well-defined patch, from which the epithelium is stripped and a dark, granular surface 

 left, to which the green food adheres more or less firmly. On the pyloric gland this ero 

 sion, as frequently observed, is of a zigzag form, and tolerably deep fissures into the mem 

 brane give to the gland a shriveled and wrinkled appearance. 



I have seen nearly the whole of the mucous surface in the pyloric antrum eroded; 

 but more commonly there are three, four, or more isolated patches, varying from half an 

 inch to even two inches in diameter 



The duodenum is often of a deep red color. Sometimes its mucous membrane is 

 deeply tinged with bile. At others it is the seat of scattered ecchymoses, less numerous 

 and regular than those on the folds of the abomasum. 



The jejunum and ileum may be reddened throughout on their mucous surface. Some 

 times the redness is in patches. It is punctiform ; and, in parts, ecchymoses heighten the 

 general color. In one case I found one of Peyer s glands somewhat tumefied, but free 

 from any deposit around, and simply turgid and congested. The caecum is often exten 

 sively ecchymosed. especially on the free margin of the effaceable mucous folds, so that, 

 when the membrane is stretched, it has a striped appearance. The stripes may be of a 

 bright or rusty-red color, but are often blackened, as we so commonly find, with blood 

 extravasations in the large intestine of cattle. The ileo-colic fold is usually ecchymosed, 

 tumefied, or of a blackish color. Scattered petechisc are not uncommon, and the fundus 

 of the caecum may be found the seat of marked, ramified redness. The general appear 

 ance of the mucous lining of the colon is often the same. In the rectum the folds are 

 commonly ecchymosed, and we have found free but delicate clots adherent to the mem 

 brane. The blackened appearance of the interstitial extravasations is nearly as common 

 in the rectum as in the csecum. 



The liver, so often the seat of chronic lesion in cattle, such as thickening and indu 

 ration of the capsule in spots, is often the seat of fatty degenerations, and is found con 

 gested and heavy in some cases ; whereas the reverse holds good in others. Reference to 

 the weights of the livers will show that there is no relation between any distinct state of 

 the organ, as ascertained by the scales, and the existence of splenic fever. 



