SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., EXPLAINED. 



I. MAMMALS. 

 i.~ Incisor teeth. 

 c.= Canines. 



m.= Molars. 



Thus &quot; i. f :f &quot; indicates two incisor teeth on each side in the 

 upper jaw, and one on each side in the lower. 



&quot; Toes 5-4 &quot; implies fore feet five-toed, hind feet four-toed. 



Other signs are as used in Birds. 



II. BIRDS. 



.=Length in inches (along back from tip of bill to end of 

 longest tail feather) ; thus, &quot;L. 7 &quot; means, length 7i inches. 



E. Extent (spread of wing) measured in inches. 



TF&quot;.=Length of wing (from bend of closed wing carpal joint 



to tip of longest feather) in inches. 

 T.= Length of tail in inches (i.e., actual length of the longest tail 



feather.) 

 B.= Length of bill in inches (measured along culmen from tip to 



frontal feathers.) 

 Hd.= Length of head in inches (measured with dividers from 



base of bill to nape.) 



Ts.= Length of tarsus in inches (measured in front.) 

 Td.= Length of middle toe with its claw. 



The measurements given in the descriptions are understood to 

 represent a fair average adult male; a variation of one-sixth, or 

 more, in absolute length is nothing unusual ; relative lengths, as of 

 wings and tail, are much more constant. To save space I have 

 preferred to say &quot;L. 6,&quot; to saying &quot;L..5i to 6i.&quot; 



2= Female, 



