90 BIRDS. 



ROBIN. Black, belly white; sides chestnut; outer tail 

 feathers, primaries, and inner secondaries with white; $ 

 clear brown instead of black; L. 8J; W. 3; T. 4. E. 

 U. S., abundant every where. 



FAMILY XXXIV. ICTERID^E. 



(The Orioles.} 



Primaries 9; bill with the commissure angulated, as in 

 Fringillid(JB, but usually lengthened, rarely shorter than 

 head, straight or gently curved, without notch or rictal 

 bristles; culmen usually extending up on the forehead, 

 dividing the frontal feathers. Legs stout, tarsus strictly 

 oscine. Plumage usually brilliant or lustrous, predom 

 inant color generally black, often with red or yellow; 

 females usually different, smaller in size, brown or streaky 

 in the lustrous species, and yellowish or dusky in the 

 brightly colored ones. Notes usually sharp, often richly 

 melodious, in other cases harsh. 



Genera about twenty, species one hundred, all Ameri 

 can, some of the short-billed forms scarcely distinct from 

 Frinyillidw; others are as closely related to StumidcB 

 (Old World Starlings) and Corvidce. There are three 

 sub-families, of which AgeloeinoB includes most of our 

 species. Icterince includes Icterus, while Scolecophayw 

 and Quiscalns belong to Quiscalince. 



I. Tail feathers rigid, acute; middle toe and claw longer than 



tarsus; black and whitish ($) or brownish, streaked (?); bill 

 short, finch-like. . . ... DOLICHONYX, 1. 



II. Feathers of crown bristle-tipped ; tail short, its feathers acute ; 



yellow below, a black breast patch; bill long. STURNELLA,G. 



III. Lateral claws elongated; black or brown, yellow on head and 



neck : length more than 8. . . XANTHOCEPIIALUS, 4. 



IV. &quot;With none of the above combinations of characters, 

 * Length at least more than 7. 



