2 9 6 NOTES. 



Bacon introduces it again in a characteristic passage of his Apology 

 concerning the Earl of Essex (Life and Letters, iii. 142): For every 

 honest man, that hath his heart well planted, will forsake his king 

 rather than forsake God, and forsake his friend rather than forsake his 

 king; and yet will forsake any earthly commodity, yea and his own 

 life in some cases, rather than forsake his friend. I hope the world hath 

 not forgotten these degrees, else the heathen saying, Amiens usque ad 

 Bras, shall judge them. [15] Tac. Ann. i. 3. [20] philosophia prima: 

 See p. 105. [32] Lat. id solummodo cavendo ut physice, non logice trac- 



tentur. 



P. 114. [10] a being and moving: The Lat. adds, et naturalem necessi 

 tate. [12] platform : Lat. ideam. [15] productions: probably a mis 

 print for production. See p. in, 1. 14. The Lat. has productionem 

 effechmm. [17] The division here referred to is Aristotle s, as given in 

 the First Book of the Metaphysics: The efficient cause is that which 

 acts the material cause that which is acted on ; as when the fire melts 

 wax, the former is the efficient, the latter the material cause of the effect 

 produced. The formal cause is that which in the case of any object 

 determines it to be that which it is, and is thus the cause of its various 

 properties ; it is thus the &quot; ratio essentioe,&quot; the \6yos rrjs ovffias. The 

 final cause is that for the sake of which any effect takes place, whether 

 the agent is or is not intelligent. Ellis s note on the corresponding 

 passage of the De Augmentis. [27] Virg. Eel. viii. 80. 



P. 1 15. [20] Mr. Ellis (Gen. Preface, p. 29) says that Bacon has repeat 

 edly denied the truth of the scholastic doctrine that Forms are incogno- 

 scible because supra-sensible. See Nov. Org. i. 75 ; ii. 2. [23] See Nov. 

 Org. ii. I : Data autem nature for mam, sive differenfiam veram, sive naturam 

 naturantem, sive fontem emanationis . . invenire, opus et intenth est humana 

 scientia. Mr. Ellis, in his General Preface to the Philosophical Works 

 (pp. 28-31), after pointing out that in Bacon s system substance is con 

 ceived of as the causa immanens of its attributes, or in other words it is the 

 formal cause of the qualities which are referred to it, divides these quali 

 ties into primary and secondary ; the former being those which belong to 

 tubstance as its essential attributes, the latter those which are connected 

 with it by the relation of cause and effect. He then shows that Bacon s 

 conception of the nature of Forms relates merely to the primary quali 

 ties of bodies. For instance, the Form of heat is a kind of local motion 

 of the particles of which bodies are composed, and that of whiteness a 

 mode of arrangement among those particles. This peculiar motion or 

 arrangement corresponds to and engenders heat or whiteness, and this in 

 every case in which those qualities exist. The statement of the distin 

 guishing character of the motion or arrangement, or of whatever else 

 may be the Form of a given phenomenon, takes the shape of a law : it 

 is the law in fulfilling which any substance determines the existence of 



