SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL, COLLECTION. 



13 



d. More or less slender with expanding lower part, which is notched at the 



sides, or terminates in a stem (Fig. 3(5, gray hornstone, Tennessee). It 

 may be assumed that perforators of this form as well as of others which 

 afforded no firm grasp to the hand were inserted into handles. 



e. Elongated leaf-shape (Fig. 37, gray semi-opal, California) . 



81 ScraperSi Thick flakes of flint, obsidian, etc., worked at one extremity 

 into a convex or semi-lunar edge. Some are thus prepared at both ends. 

 These tools were used in cleaning skins, and in scraping and smoothing horn, 

 bone, wood, etc. The Eskimos still use stone scrapers set in well-shaped 

 handles of walrus ivory, horn, or wood. Several specimens of this kind are 

 in the collection of the National Museum. 



SCRAPEUS (4.). 



a. Working edge beveled from one side, the lower surface forming a con 



tinuous unaltered fracture (Fig. 38, gray flint, Texas). A few arc 

 beveled at both ends, and may be called double scrapers. Some terminate 

 in stems opposite the working edge (Fig. 39, compact gray hornstone, 

 Ohio). 



b. Working edge chipped from both sides, sometimes at both extremities. 



c. Made of the lower portions of broken arrow and spear-heads; working 



edge chipped from one side or from both (Fig. 40, yellow jasper, Ohio) . 



d. Disc-shaped, chipped all around (Fig. 41, bluish chalcedony, Texas). 



9, Cutting and Sawing Implements, This group comprises a series of 

 implements which, though differing in form, seem to have been designed for 

 kindred purposes. 



a. Flakes of flint and obsidian, more or less chipped at the edges, apparently 

 for the purpose of being used in cutting and sawing (Fig. 42, yellow 

 jasper, Kentucky). The silicious materials out of which such flakes 

 are usually made cannot be split as regularly as the cretaceous flint of 

 Europe, and hence the well-shaped neolithic flakes so frequent in Den 

 mark, Northern Germany, etc., hardly find counterparts among the stone 

 tools occurring north of Mexico. The obsidian flakes from the last- 

 named country, as has been stated, are identical in shape with the 

 corresponding European specimens. 



