SMITHSONIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 51 



bowl often represents a more or less carefully executed human head. Some 

 bear some resemblance to the cliibvuc of the Turks (Fig. 196, Georgia). 



Stone pipes of an altogether different character were in vogue among 

 certain Californian tribes. They are of an elongated conoidal shape, of large 

 size and corresponding capacity (Fig. 197, serpentine, Santa Barbara County). 

 Some have been found with a short hollow bone cemented as a mouth-piece 

 into the aperture at the tapering end.* 4 Similar pipes of smaller size are still 

 used by the Pai-Utes. 



Lastly, special mention should be made of two fragmentary pipes of clay, 

 both found in Madison County, New York, and remarkable for excellent 

 workmanship. In one the bowl is formed by the coils of a skillfully executed 

 snake (Fig. 198) ; in the other by the head of a bird (apparently a raven) 

 with widely opened bill (Fig. 199). The outside of these specimens is coated 

 with a yellowish brown paint, and perfectly smooth. 



19, Ornaments, Though the aborigines of North America (north of 

 Mexico) chiefly employed shell-matter as the material of their ornaments, 

 they likewise made use of stone for that purpose. First ought to be mentioned 

 their stone beads of various forms and sizes, which they strung and wore as 

 personal decorations, mostly, perhaps, in the shape of necklaces. Some beads 

 are globular or compressed at the opposite ends (Fig. 200, serpentine, Santa 

 Barbara County, California) ; others are of irregular shape, four-sided, notched 

 at the circumference, etc. (Figs. 201 and 202, potstone, Pennsylvania). The 

 collection contains a number of articles of ornamental character, presenting 

 the shape of straight tubes, either cylindrical or somewhat swelling toward the 

 middle. A w T ell-drilled specimen consisting of silicious material (Fig. 203, 

 Mississippi) measures nearly three inches in length. There are further in the 

 collection several ornaments made of the red pipestone, or Catlinite, from the 

 Cotcau dcs Prairies in Minnesota. Though probably no great antiquity can 

 be ascribed to them, they ought to be mentioned here, having been discovered 

 in digging the Oriskany Canal in the State of New York. They may be 

 attributable to the Iroquois. A typical form of these ornaments, which the 

 Avriter had occasion also to notice outside of the National Museum, may be 

 likened to a compressed slender pyramid, pierced in the longitudinal direction 

 (Fig. 204). The occurrence of these objects of Catlinite in the State of New 

 York, distant twelve or thirteen hundred miles from the red pipestone quarry, 

 furnishes a strong evidence of a far-extended aboriginal trade. 



Next must be mentioned objects of stone pierced for suspension, which 

 were undoubtedly worn as breast ornaments, representing in many cases, it 

 may be assumed, badges of distinction. A very fine specimen of the col 

 lection, somewhat resembling in outline a certain class of pierced tablets, 



Jl Among the objects recovered by Mr. Paul Schumacher, during his explorations in Southern California, 

 are many pipes of this description. 



