26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pace. 4xH SER. 



sula and at another point on the east coast line about half 

 way between the &quot;Portage&quot; and Fish Point. 



A group of middens was also observed on the north shore 

 contact-line of the glacial deposit-area north of Hale s Pass, 

 but these were not covered with earth and had the appear 

 ance of having been made within the last 150 years. 



As will be seen by examining the map, the village site 

 in 1880 was mostly destroyed by encroachments of the Nook- 

 sack River, but the islands (practically the only remaining 

 part of the village) showed three occupations, but none so 

 old as the middens described above. There is a series of 

 shells covered by about two feet of earth. On top of these 

 is another series of middens, probably a foot in thickness. 

 These are characteristic because the top layer contains Hud 

 son Bay trade beads. The surface middens are those of the 

 village abandoned in 1880. 



More ancient midden heaps were found farther inland in 

 the middle Nooksack valley and at the foot of the Sumas 

 mountains and on eastward to the vicinity of Sumas Lake 

 in Canadian territory. Some of these midden remains are 

 very extensive. They are now many miles inland and must 

 have been thrown from the Indian kitchens when Georgian 

 Bay had its eastern shore line at the very foot of the Sumas 

 mountains. Judging from the appearance of the country 

 and the geological data one can gather concerning this re 

 gion, these middens must be 2,000 years old. 



The mounds divide themselves into two groups, burial 

 mounds and oven mounds. 



The mounds which are regarded as burial mounds are 

 usually of large size, varying from three to 20 feet in diam 

 eter. 



The oven mounds are scattered throughout the region 

 and northward to the Eraser River country. These are of 

 three types : pit mounds, stone enclosed mounds, and sand 

 and clay mounds. 



The pit mounds, on examination, showed that a pit had 

 been dug in the ground and that a fire had been built in it so 

 that a bed of an inch or more of charcoal formed the bot 

 tom layer of the pit. The stone enclosed mounds had the 

 stone enclosure inside the mounds, where the outer dirt 



