THINGS DENOTED BY NAMES. 59 



meaning do these words convey, but that of innumerable 

 actions, done or to be done by the sovereign and the subjects, 

 to or in regard to one another reciprocally ? So with the 

 words physician and patient, leader and follower, tutor and 

 pupil. In many cases the words also connote actions which 

 would be done under certain contingencies by persons other 

 than those denoted : as the words mortgagor and mortgagee, 

 obligor and obligee, and many other words expressive of legal 

 relation, which connote what a court of justice would do to 

 enforce the legal obligation if not fulfilled. There are also 

 words which connote actions previously done by persons other 

 than those denoted either by the name itself or by its correla 

 tive ; as the word brother. From these instances, it may be 

 seen how large a portion of the connotation of names consists 

 of actions. Now what is an action ? Not one thing, but a 

 series of two things : the state of mind called a volition, fol 

 lowed by an effect. The volition or intention to produce the 

 effect, is one thing ; the effect produced in consequence of the 

 intention, is another thing; the two together constitute the 

 action. I form the purpose of instantly moving my arm ; that 

 is a state of my mind : my arm (not being tied or paralytic) 

 moves in obedience to my purpose ; that is a physical fact, 

 consequent on a state of mind. The intention, followed by the 

 fact, or (if we prefer the expression) the fact when preceded 

 and caused by the intention, is called the action of moving 

 my arm. 



6. Of the first leading division of nameable things, viz. 

 Feelings or States of Consciousness, we began by recognising 

 three sub-divisions ; Sensations, Thoughts, and Emotions. 

 The first two of these we have illustrated at considerable 

 length ; the third, Emotions, not being perplexed by similar 

 ambiguities, does not require similar exemplification. And, 

 finally, we have found it necessary to add to these three a 

 fourth species, commonly known by the name Volitions. 

 Without seeking to prejudge the metaphysical question 

 whether any mental state or phenomenon can be found which 

 is not included in one or other of these four species, it appears 



