Xll CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER IV. Fallacies of Observation. 



PAGE 



1. Non-observation, and Mal-obser-vation . . . 341 



2. If on-observation of instances, and non-observation of cir 



cumstances .* . .. . . . 341 



3. Examples of the former ; . . . . 342 



4. and of the latter . . . . . 347 



5. Mai-observation characterized and exemplified . . 352 



CHAPTER V. Fallacies of Generalization. 



1. Character of the class . . . . . 356 



2. Certain kinds of generalization must always be groundless 356 



3. Attempts to resolve phenomena radically different into 



the same . . . . . . ,. : . 357 



4. Fallacy of mistaking empirical for causal laws . . 359 



5. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc ; and the deductive fallacy cor 



responding to it . . . . i 364 



6. Fallacy of False Analogies . . . . .366 



7. Function of metaphors in reasoning . . . 373 



8. How fallacies of generalization grow out of bad classification 375 



CHAPTER VI. Fallacies of Ratiocination. 



1. Introductory Remarks ..... 377 



2. Fallacies in the conversion and sequipollency of propositions 377 



3. Fallacies in the syllogistic process . . . . 379 



4. Fallacy of changing the premises . . . . 379 



CHAPTER VII. Fallacies of Confusion. 



1. Fallacy of Ambiguous Terms . . . 384 



2. Fallacy of Petitio Principii . . .396 



3. Fallacy of Ignoratio Elenchi .... 405 



