DIFFERENT PARTS OF A TREE. 37 



a large hollow white pulp without either its proper 

 substance or quality, and drops from the tree a dis- 

 eased crude substance. Cherries, plums and most 

 kinds of stone fruit often drop from the tree while 

 forming their stones, when the season is dry or 

 unfavorable, and the apple and pear form into an ill- 

 formed gnarly fruit during the drought. Too much 

 exposure to the sun affects some fruit, as the 

 raspberry ; while others, as the grape, by being too 

 much shaded, are prevented from obtaining their 

 wonted qualities. In fact the orchardist must en- 

 deavor to make himself familiar, by practical obser- 

 vations, with the different causes that operate either 

 favorably or injuriously to fruit. Such observations 

 are worth all the theory that can be penned by the 

 most scientific writers on the subject. 



