OKDER XIII. CAPPARIDACE^E CAPER-FAMILY. ORDER XV. VIOLACE^ VIOLET-FAMILY. 



139 



1. M. annua. 



Ten-weeks Stock. 



Stem erect, herbaceous, branched ; leaves hoary-canescent, lanceolate, obtuse, 

 somewhat toothed; flowers large, variegated; silique, sub-cylindrical A com- 

 mon garden plant, growing 2 feet high, and clothed with soft stellate pubescence. 

 June August. 



2. M. incana. July-flower. 



Stem suffruticose, erect, branched ; leaves hoary-canescent, lanceolate, en- 

 tire; flowers large, purple, racemose; silique sub-cylindrical, truncate and com- 

 pressed at apex. Stem 2 feet high. Gardens. June. Biennial. 



IT. BRASSICA. 



Sepals equal at base. Petals obovate. Silique somewhat 

 compressed, with concave valves and a central vein. Style 

 short, obtuse. Seeds globose. Biennial. 



1. B. campestris. 



Ruta-baga. 



Stem round, smooth above, with a few reflexed hairs below ; leaves some- 

 what fleshy and glabrous ; the lower lyrate-dentate, somewhat ciliate ; upper 

 cordate, clasping, acuminate; flowers large, yellow, in long racemes; silique 

 long, tipped with the long style ; seeds small, dark brown. Sometimes natural- 

 ized in fields. Boots large, tumid, napiform, inferior to the Turnip. 



2. B. Rapa. Turnip. 



Stem and leaves deep green ; radical leaves lyrate, rough ; lower stem leaves 

 incised ; upper entire, smooth, clasping ; flowers yellow ; seeds small, reddish 

 brown. A variety with enlarged napiform roots is the Kound-turnip so com- 

 mon in cultivation as an esculent vegetable, and for feeding stock. June. 



3. B. oleracea. 



Cabbage. 



Leaves very smooth, and glaucous, fleshy, repand toothed, or lobed, sub- 

 orbicular; flowers yellow, in paniculate racemes. Native of sea-shores and 

 cliffs in Europe, where it shows no appearance of a head like that of the escu- 

 lent varieties, thus showing the great power of cultivation. The Cauliflower, 

 Broccoli, as well as the Cabbage, are varieties of this species. June. 



18. CAKiLE. 



Silicle 2-jointed ; upper part ovate or ensiform. Seeds in the 

 upper cell erect; in the lower, pendulous, often abortive. An. 



1. C. maritima. Sea Socket. 



Smooth, succulent; stem very branching, procumbent; leaves oblong, cu- 

 neiform, sinuately toothed, petiolate ; flowers small, pale purple or whitish, 

 pedicellate, in racemes corymbosely arranged; silicle smooth, roundish ; loweji 

 joint clavate-obovate ; upper with 2 3 minute teeth at base marked with an 

 elevated line on each side. A common plant about 6' 12' high, on sea and 

 lake shores. July August. 



19. RAPHANTJS. 

 Calyx erect. Petals obovate. Silique terete, torose, valve- 

 less, transversely many-celled. Seeds sub-globose, in a single 



1. R. Raphanistrum. 



Wild Radish. 



Stem erect, branching, terete ; leaves lyrate; flowers bright yellow, largo, ra- 

 cemose ; petals spreading, turning white, purple, or blue, as they grow old ; 

 Silique round, jointed, 1-celled when mature. Road-sides and fields. New 

 England. July. 



2. R. sativa. Garden Radish. 



Stem very branching; lower leaves lyrate, petiolate, upper ones dentate 

 flowers large, white, or tinged with purple ; silique torose, round, acuminate 

 1' 2' long, scarcely longer than the pedicel. A common garden vegetable 

 2 4 feet high, different varieties of which produce the various kinds of radishes 

 June August. 



OEDEE XIII. 



Capparidaceae. Caper- 

 family. 



1. CLE6ME. 



Sepals distinct or somewhat united at base, 

 minute or nearly round. Stamens 6, rarely 4. 

 stipitate. 



Petals 4. Toru 

 Pod subsessile o 



1. C. pungens. 



Spiderwort. 



Glandular-pubescent; stem simple, smooth, the petioles prickly; leaves 

 jgitate, 5 9 foliate, long-petiolate ; leaflets elliptical-lanceolate, acute at each 

 nd, slightly toothed ; flowers purple, racemed ; sepals distinct ; petals on flll- 

 orm claws ; stamens 6, twice as long as the petals. A common garden flower 

 owing f foot high, chiefly remarkable on account of the curious structure of 

 he flowers. July August. 



OKDER XIV. 



Resedacese Mignonette- 

 family. 



1. RESEDA. 



Sepals many. Petals equal in number, each bearing 1 or 

 more stamens. Torus large, fleshy, bearing the ovary with sev- 

 ral stamens and styles. 



' 1. R. odorata. Mignonette. 



Leaves 3-lobed.or entire; sepals shorter than the petals. A plant too widely 

 ;nown and admired for its unsurpassed fragrance to need description. An. 



OEDEE XV. Yiolacese Violet-family. 



1. VlOLA. 



Sepals 5, unequal, auriculate at base. Petals 5, irregular, the 

 lower one spurred at base ; the two lateral ones equal, opposite. 

 Stamens approximate ; filaments distinct, dilated at base. Cap- 

 sule 1-celled, 3-valved. Perennials, with 1-flowered peduncles. 

 The spurred petal, which is really the upper one, appears to be 

 the lower, on account of the reversed position of the flower 



* Acaulescent. 



1. V. cucullata. 



Hooded Violet. 



Leaves cordate, crenate, often cucullate at base, generally smooth ; flowers 

 of a fine blue, large, marked with dark lines ; stipules linear ; stigma triangular, 

 margined ; lower petals bearded. One of the most common species, growing 

 every where in meadows and wet ground, and sometimes even in dry soils, 

 where it is pubescent. May. 



2. V. sagittata. Arrow-leaved Violet. 



Leaves sagittate, more or less pubescent, serrate or crenate; flowers rather 

 small, on peduncles, which are usually longer than the leaves, deep purplish 

 blue, with a short, obtuse spur; petals veiny, white at base; lower and lateral 

 ones densely bearded. A variable species with deep blue flowers. May. 



3. V. ovata. Ovate-leaved Violet. 



Leaves ovate, pubescent, crenate, rarely cut at base, on short petioles, nearly 

 prostrate; flowers of a deep purplish blue, on short peduncles, with a short, 

 rounded spur; sepals, ciliate, oblong-ovate, deeply emarginate behind ; petals 

 entire, veined ; lateral ones bearded. Very common. Dry hills. May. 



This species has been considered a variety of the last ; but it is well marked 

 by the shape and position of its leaves and its early appearance. 



4. V. palmata. 



Palmate Violet. 



Pubescent ; leaves palmate, or hastately lobed, rarely entire ; lobes crenate, 

 and dentate ; middle one much the largest ; flowers of medium size, bright 

 blue ; petals veined, white at base ; upper ones smaller ; lateral ones bearded. 

 A variable species. Uplands. The leaves vary in form and pubescence, the 

 earlier ones being nearly or quite entire, ovate, cordate at base. May June. 



5. V. pedata. 



Bird-foot Violet. 



Nearly smooth; root premorse; leaves pedate, 5 7 parted; segments 

 linear-lanceolate, entire or 3-parted ; flowers large, of a rather pale, but very 

 brilliant blue, rarely white ; petals white at base, beardless ; stigma large and 

 thick, margined, obliquely truncate, very short, rostrate. A very distinct an 

 handsome species. Borders of dry woods, and sandy fields. April May. 



6. V. odorata. Sweet-scented Violet. 



Stolons creeping; leaves cordate, crenato, nearly smooth; flowers large, 

 fragrant, of a brilliant bluish purple, in cultivation frequently double ; sepals 

 obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, toothed ; peduncles branched ; petals with a hairy 



