324 



THE ESKIMO ABOUT BERING STRAIT 



[ETH. ANN. 18 



these give aii idea of their general character. Figure 109 is from lower 

 f Kuskokwim river and figure 110 from Nunivak island. 



Nearly all the wolf spearheads have represented upon 

 the surface the form of the wolf s body in low relief, 

 with the legs and feet extending around the under side. 



The representation of the wolf or of some other ani 

 mal totem seems to be common on this class of weap 

 ons, which are used principally for killing white whales 

 or walrus. 



Figure 111 illustrates a similar spearhead obtained 

 on Nunivak island. It is of ivory and represents the 

 land-otter totem. The muzzle is rounded, with a cir 

 cular perforation for the eye. The mouth, nostrils, and 

 muzzle are outlined by incised lines, but no teeth are 

 shown. Along the sides are other incised figures, as 

 shown in the illustration. 



A spearhead from Chalitmut (figure 112) is carved 

 to represent an ermine, indicating the totem mark of 

 the owner. 



Women belonging to the wolf gens braid strips of 

 wolfskin in their hair, and young men and boys wear 

 a wolf tail hung behind on the belt. It is said to have 

 been the ancient custom for all to wear some mark about 

 the dress by w T hich the gens of each person might be 

 distinguished. 



Another gens among the Unalit is that of the ger 

 falcon (Falcorusticolus gyrfalco}. The name for gerfal 

 con is chl-Tciibv -l-uk; the gerfalcon totem, cM-kubv -i-a- 

 go -iik; the gerfalcon gens, clii-kubv -i-a -go-uhl -%-git. On 

 spears and arrows this totem mark is made by bars of 

 red paint, which are said to represent the bars on the 

 gerfalcon s tail. These bars are shown on the arrow 

 illustrated in tbe accompanying figure 113. On the 

 bow represented in the same figure this totem is indi 

 cated by a red and black line along a shallow groove 

 in the middle of the inside of the bow. 



The raven totem or mark is represented by an etched 

 outline of the bird s foot and leg, forming a tridentate 



FIG. 114 Simple forms of the raven totem. 

 Fio. 113 Gerfalcon 



totems on bow and fe sometimes -merely by an outline of the foot. 



seal spear. * 



Forms of this totem are shown in figure 114. 

 At East cape, Siberia, I saw numerous arrow- and spear-heads of 





