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higher mammals. -The inquiry is thus involved in confusion. 

 -The argument from special sensibility must be withdrawn. 

 So must the argument from brain structure. A more rigid 

 separation of sensory experience from intelligent discrimination 

 required. Difference between physical function and mental 

 action in human life. Need for more exact use of terms. The 

 dog taken as test of animal intelligence. 



A searching inquiry as to Instinct is needful. Animal con 

 duct impossible to us by the use of our intelligence, cannot be 

 referred to intelligent power. A truer conception of Nature 

 will be reached by more successful interpretation of Instinct. 

 Illustrations of Instinct. -Food-supply. Provision for the 

 young. Much of the testimony for evolution drawn from In 

 stinct must be abandoned. Such surrender is a clear gain to the 

 theory. Instinct stands apart from intelligent power. It is 

 most remarkable in lower forms of life. 



The ant, the dog, and man placed in contrast. A 

 further test is supplied by domestication. Use of signs 

 is the effective test. Superiority of the dog to the ape, 

 results from long training of the former. Human agency 

 and animal co-operation. The lower the animal, the more 

 difficult to direct its activity. Our intervention for co 

 operation with animal activity. In the work of insects, under 

 standing comes wholly from man. In working with the dog, or 

 horse, understanding comes from the animal also. Training of 

 animals, a test of intelligence. Need for constant regard to 

 their sensibilities in order to apply this test. Interpretation of 

 signs is the utmost point reached. There is no search for know 

 ledge, nor is there an independent intelligence guiding action. 

 Difference between training and educating. How far can 

 ideas be conveyed to animals? ...... 145-256 



CHAPTER VIII 

 RATIONAL LIFE 



THE aim is to trace the activities of the rational agent. Wallace s 

 treatment of mathematical, musical, and artistic facilities. 

 Aim here is to deal with actions common to men, and with the 



