phases of sensibility. There is an obvious dualism. 

 Distinct phases of action appear, each having a 

 distinct origin, the one outer, ,the other inner. The 

 physical does not originate the mental ; nor does the 

 mental originate the physical. 



The facts enumerated are so familiar, and so 

 universally recognised, that the brevity of the fore 

 going description will not be subject of complaint 

 with the reader. We have restricted ourselves to the 

 briefest record of facts, guarding against introduc 

 tion of theoretic controversy. To give vividness to 

 this description, take human work for illustration, as 

 admitting of ready contrast with animal work. In 

 the work done by a man three things are distinguished, 

 intelligence, vital apparatus belonging to organism, 

 and tools employed. Intelligence rules the other two, 

 thereby determining the value of the work done. 

 Intelligence in a sense passes into the muscles, and 

 even into the tools, in order to gain a contemplated 

 result. Improved tools are not even tools for us until 

 we understand how to use them. Harness placed on 

 the horse is the product of human work; horse 

 power is only power of muscle, (its equivalent finding 

 expression in engines); horse intelligence suffices 

 only for receiving directions from the driver. Brain, 

 nerves, and muscles belong to the horse; without 

 them he could not do his work; but these do not 

 account for accomplishment of the driver s purpose. 

 If they did, drivers would be dispensed with, because 

 of the cost of labour. 



^ The difference between the tools of prehistoric 

 times, and our most recent inventions, indicates the 

 extent to which rational power has been concentrated 



