146 EVOLUTION AND MAN S PLACE IN NATURE 



memory are given ; while examples also are adduced 

 which may be interpreted as proving that animals 

 exhibit kindness to their fellows, or manifest pride, 

 contempt, or shame. Some are said to have the 

 rudiments of language, because they utter several 

 different sounds, each of which has a definite meaning 

 to their fellows or to their young ; others, the rudi 

 ments of arithmetic, because they seem to count and 

 to remember up to 3, 4, and even 5. A sense of 

 beauty is imputed to them on account of their own 

 bright colours, or the use of coloured objects in their 

 nests ; while dogs, cats, and horses are said to have 

 imagination, because they appear to be disturbed by 

 dreams. Even some distant approach to the rudi 

 ments of religion is said to be found in the deep love 

 and complete submission of a dog to his master. l 



This summary of evidence will prove valuable 

 for guiding us in the attempt to thread our way 

 through a vast mass of illustration, so extremely 

 varied in form as to make classification exceedingly 

 difficult. The summary is the more helpful that it 

 has been drawn up as the result of close study of 

 Darwin s works, by one in the highest sense com 

 petent for the task. My object will be to estimate 

 the evidence adduced, seeking to approximate towards 

 definite conclusions as to the characteristics of animal 

 intelligence, thus preparing for comparison of it with 

 human intelligence. In entering upon this division 

 of the subject, it is to be observed that Darwin in his 

 comparison of the mental powers of man and the 

 lower animals, - is content to limit the range of 

 observation by restricting to the higher animals, most 



1 Darwinism, p. 461. &quot; The Descent of Man, chap. iii. p. 65. 



