162 EVOLUTION AND MAN S PLACE IN NATURE 



of such inference may be carefully guarded, we must 

 distinguish as sharply as possible between physical 

 function and mental action in human life itself. 



Advancing on these lines, we are ready for a 

 survey of the data on which Darwin relies for 

 inclusion of mental powers with physical, within a 

 theory accounting for differentiation of organic life 

 by natural selection, under laws applicable to the 

 whole scale of animate existence. Wallace s summary 

 includes manifestations of intelligence, amounting in 

 some cases to distinct acts of reasoning, curiosity, 

 imitation, attention, wonder, memory, kindness, pride, 

 contempt, shame, rudiments of language, and of 

 arithmetic, a sense of beauty, power of imagination, 

 and rudiments of religion. The list is a considerable 

 one, though compiled with little regard to the 

 comparative value of the things enumerated. The 

 evidence adduced must be our guide to interpretation. 

 We greatly need more exact understanding of the 

 actions contemplated and of the terms employed. 

 This may be sought, however, with some degree of 

 hopefulness, because there is at least a general 

 concurrence in the statements made. The question 

 is, how far does the evidence carry us in our trans 

 ference of the language of man to the experience and 

 actions of the higher mammals ? 



The method to be followed is clear. We must 

 compare the higher mammals with man, making 

 their actions the test of possible inferences. On 

 one side, we must accumulate all the evidence for 

 intelligence appearing in the life of the animals, 

 specially that supplied by the observations of natur 

 alists; and also all testimony as to structure and 



