ANIMAL AND RATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 163 



functions of nerve and brain, coming from the 

 department of experimental psychology. On the 

 other side, we must present all that consciousness 

 discloses as to our own intelligent procedure. Careful 

 comparison of the two orders of life, as far as this 

 proves possible on the evidence obtained, is the 

 only course open for scientific inquiry. Comparative 

 structure of the nerve-systems and brains has been 

 accurately ascertained. A close resemblance exists 

 in this respect. A comparison of the actions of an 

 animal, such as the dog, with the actions of man, 

 does not involve serious difficulty. Selection of the 

 dog for the test is warranted on many grounds, as it 

 is the animal best known to us, in closest companion 

 ship with us, and the one to which direct reference 

 is made by Darwin for the rudiments of religion. 

 The difficulty arising from the indirectness of our 

 knowledge of animal intelligence is insuperable. 

 The direct knowledge of our own reflective exercise, 

 given in our own consciousness, must be the test for 

 inference as to the intelligence of the dog. Observa 

 tions of the dog s action must be interpreted by 

 reference to our observations of our own under 

 standing and experience. These are the fixed 

 conditions of the present inquiry. The difficulties 

 belonging to such a mode of inquiry are many ; but 

 no easier method is available. On the assumption 

 that there is some manifestation of intelligence in the 

 dog, we seek to reach a psychology, or doctrine of 

 mind or soul, in this animal, which has become the 

 close companion of man. In this way only, can 

 advance be made towards the double conclusion we 

 desire to have explicitly stated, as to what animal 



