ANIMAL AND RATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 165 



research here. As far as physiology can travel, 

 organic functions are included; whenever interpre 

 tations of sensory impressions are detected, mental 

 phenomena are recorded, and psychology is begun. 

 All fighting against this severance is vain. If the dog 

 manifests intelligence, there must be a psychology of/ 

 dog-life. Such a psychology cannot be constructed on[ 

 physiological data, but only on a careful comparison^! 

 of the actions of the dog with our own actions. The 

 interpretation will therefore hang entirely upon our 

 interpretation of the facts of our own consciousness, as 

 these may guide to interpretation of the dog s actions. 

 In this way, under demands of comparative biology, 

 we reach a clear understanding of the distinctive 

 character of mental phenomena. They are such 

 phenomena, in whatever life found, as transcend the 

 functions of organism. In the language of experience, 

 they are phenomena in advance of sensory discri 

 mination, inasmuch as they imply its interpretation. 

 In language applicable to action, they are phenomena 

 superior to the operation of motor apparatus, including 

 brain and nerve and muscle, the action of all three 

 being included within physiology. Among mental 

 phenomena these are conspicuous, guiding us in all 

 inferences as to mind or soul, interpretations of 

 sensory experience, and intelligent purpose, formed in 

 view of the relations of means to ends. Wherever 

 vital phenomena show more than action and reaction 

 6T sensory apparatus : and more than motor activity 

 in response~to sensory impression and appetite, there 

 weliave a psychological problem. Such a problem, 

 we are agreed, does arise in the life of the monkey, 

 ape, horse, and dog. It must, therefore, be clearly seen 



