166 EVOLUTION AND MAN S PLACE IN NATURE 



that this admission is involved in the acknowledgment 

 of animal intelligence. This is the affirmation that 

 intelligence/ in some phase, appears lower than man 

 in biological history. And this is the admission of 

 life of an aspect higher than the physical. In effect, 

 it is the affirmation that the higher mammalia, 

 expressly the four species enumerated, are possessed 

 of mind or soul of some type, akin to that of man, 

 however inferior it be in the range of its powers. This 

 is the point to which we have been brought by recent 

 advances. Scientific observers must recognise the 

 breadth of their own conclusions, and we must face 

 the problem which has been raised. That this can 

 be done without careful scrutiny of our own con 

 sciousness, is impossible. All those who have been 

 loudest in the outcry against introspection must 

 adopt introspection as the sole mode for reaching any 

 conclusion as to the problem of animal intelligence, 

 as this has been shaped by biological research. 



Two rules of procedure must here regulate us, 

 First, Animal intelligence can be judged of only 

 by reference to our own consciousness of intelligent 

 procedure. Second, Animal conduct unattainable by 

 us, even by the best use of our intelligence, cannot be 

 referred to intelligence. 



Our first aid towards classification of mental 

 phenomena is to be found in the contrast between 

 lower and higher orders of life. The exact line of 

 severance may be difficult to trace, but if the contrast 

 be granted so far as to set the lower orders of life on 

 one side, and the higher mammalia on the other, we 

 have scope for induction. When Darwin undertakes 

 to show that there is no fundamental difference 



